To the Editor:
We read with much interest the study by Zhang and colleagues (1) in which they show that ACE2, the gene encoding the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is expressed throughout the human airway epithelium. They also show a relative increase in the expression of ACE2 in airway epithelial cells derived from smokers. In addition, men who smoke have a higher expression of ACE2 than women. TMPRSS2, a cellular protease that facilitates viral entry, is also increased in the small airways of smokers. These data support the notion that smoking may pose a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection and subsequent development of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, whether this explains the higher male susceptibility to COVID-19 is not yet clear (1).
See more: Covid 19 iqos
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As of June 1, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has now spread to more than 180 countries, infecting 6 million people globally and resulting in more than 360,000 deaths (2). SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible and can spread readily from human-to-human, causing acute and severe respiratory failure, often followed by death. This scenario appears to be even more likely in patients with preexisting health conditions and other comorbidities, including diabetes and cardiopulmonary diseases.
We know that active smokers have an increased risk of respiratory tract viral infections and virus-related exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emerging research also suggests that current smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have higher expression of ACE2 in the airway epithelium, type 2 pneumocytes, tissue macrophages, and ciliated airway epithelial cells (3, 4) and that this ACE2 expression may vary with sex and age (5).
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Zhang and colleagues have further confirmed and extended these findings, showing that both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression are increased with smoking, and have provided new evidence that ACE2 expression is greater in the male population (1). Although new data are still emerging, earlier reports have suggested that COVID-19 mortality rates are higher in the male population (6). Of note, the upregulation of ACE2 may be useful in protecting the host against acute lung injury by producing proresolution peptides such as angiotensin 1-7; however, chronically elevated ACE2 in the lungs may predispose individuals to an increased risk of developing COVID-19.
Although it is becoming increasingly clear that ACE2 expression is induced by active smoking (1, 3), we are not aware of any studies that have evaluated exposure to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), heat-not-burn devices (IQOS), or other electronic nicotine-delivery systems. Cigarette smoking appears to be an important risk factor that could further exacerbate this pandemic. We believe that new data on e-cigarette exposure both with and without nicotine may shed light on the nicotine-dependent effect, as suggested by Leung and colleagues (3), and the nicotine-independent effect, which we believe may also influence ACE2 expression in the airways. If there is a connection between such an exposure (i.e., electronic nicotine-delivery devices) and the risk of succumbing to COVID-19, then this risk extends to not only cigarette smoking but possibly also vaping via e-cigarette use.
Long-term safety studies with e-cigarette devices on humans are still lacking. However, the 2019 e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury epidemic revealed the serious ill effects of vaping. Although many researchers have now shown the harmful effects of vaping, we first reported the deleterious effects of IQOS on human airway cells as compared with e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes (7). Additional research is needed to investigate the relationship between smoking, other electronic delivery devices, and SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as its transmission and progression. This understanding will not only affect public health policies but may also shed light on important new therapeutic approaches.
ReferencesSection:ChooseTop of pageReferences <<CITING ARTICLES1. Zhang H, Rostami MR, Leopold PL, Mezey JG, O’Beirne SL, Strulovici-Barel Y, et al. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 receptor in the human airway epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;202:219-229. Abstract, Medline, Google Scholar2. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20:533-534. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Leung JM, Yang CX, Tam A, Shaipanich T, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, et al. ACE-2 expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients: implications for COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2020;55:2000688. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4. Brake SJ, Barnsley K, Lu W, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Smoking upregulates angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor: a potential adhesion site for novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). J Clin Med 2020;9:841. Crossref, Google Scholar5. Xie X, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang F, Liu Y. Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung. Life Sci 2006;78:2166-2171. [Published erratum appears in Life Sci 79:2499.] Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar6. Cai H. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:e20. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar7. Sohal SS, Eapen MS, Naidu VGM, Sharma P. IQOS exposure impairs human airway cell homeostasis: direct comparison with traditional cigarette and e-cigarette. ERJ Open Res 2019;5:00159-2018. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
